很多同學(xué)都來詢問:申請美國大學(xué)本科生獎學(xué)金有多大難度?我的條件可以申到TOP50學(xué)校的全獎嗎?申請獎學(xué)金簽證需提供資金證明嗎?我該如何準備才能申請到獎學(xué)金呢?以我的條件,申請會計碩士獎學(xué)金有可能不?一般申請美國化碩士拿獎學(xué)金的概率多少?希望這個專題可以讓你初步了解一下美國獎學(xué)金的基本知識。
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名詞解釋
從嚴格意義上講,所謂美國大學(xué)“獎學(xué)金”應(yīng)稱為“經(jīng)濟資助(financial aid)”,這些獎學(xué)金有些是基金會、企業(yè)、公司、工廠或私人捐助給學(xué)院的,金額從五百美元到十幾萬美元不等,大部分限制只提供給美國公民,供給國際學(xué)生的很少。
Financial Aid:
Money provided to the student and the family to help them pay for the student's education. Major forms of financial aid include gift aid (grants and scholarships) and self-help aid (loans and work).
Fellowship:
MA form of aid given to graduate students to help support their education. Some fellowships include a tuition waiver or a payment to the university in lieu of tuition. Most fellowships include a stipend to cover reasonable living expenses (e.g., just above the poverty line). Fellowships are a form of gift aid and do not have to be repaid.
Scholarship
A form of financial aid given to undergraduate students to help pay for their education. Most scholarships are restricted to paying all or part of tuition expenses, though some scholarships also cover room and board. Scholarships are a form of gift aid and do not have to be repaid. Many scholarships are restricted to students in specific courses of study or with academic, athletic or artistic talent.
Grant:
A type of financial aid based on financial need that the student does not have to repay.
Graduate Assistantship:
There are two types of graduate assistantships: teaching assistantships (TA) and research assistantships (RA). TAs and RAs receive a full or partial tuition waiver and a small living stipend. TAs are required to perform teaching duties. RAs are required to perform research duties, not necessarily related to the student's thesis research.
Renewable Scholarships:
A scholarship that is awarded for more than one year. Usually the student must maintain certain academic standards to be eligible for subsequent years of the award. Some renewable scholarships will require the student to reapply for the scholarship each year; others will just require a report on the student's progress to a degree.
本科獎學(xué)金的申請
Need-Based
Financial aid that is need-based depends on your financial situation. Most government sources of financial aid are need-based.
這個經(jīng)濟資助是依據(jù)學(xué)生家庭經(jīng)濟狀況給的,主要考慮的點是父母收入、家庭資產(chǎn)、家庭大小和其他因素。Need-based獎學(xué)金對于本國的申請者來說是非常豐厚的,許多大學(xué)80%以上的一年級學(xué)生都能以不同的方式獲得Need-based獎學(xué)金。但是對于國際學(xué)生來說,只有少部分大學(xué)是有提供的,絕大部分的大學(xué)僅有少量甚至沒有Need-based獎學(xué)金供國際學(xué)生申請。
所以申請這種類型的獎學(xué)金,在向?qū)W校提請要求和出示自己的資金情況時,就必須非常有技巧。如果你申請的太多,超過學(xué)校的承受能力,你就極有可能被拒絕。
Merit-based
Financial aid that is merit-based depends on your academic, artistic or athletic merit or some other criteria, and does not depend on the existence of financial need. Merit-based awards use your grades, test scores, hobbies and special talents to determine your eligibility for scholarships.
Merit-based獎學(xué)金是以申請人本身的學(xué)術(shù),思想品質(zhì),發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ葘嵙σ蛩貋頉Q定最后獎學(xué)金的多少。不管你經(jīng)濟上是否需要幫助,只要是學(xué)校認可你的學(xué)術(shù)背景,一樣還是會給予獎學(xué)金的。大多數(shù)的Merit-based獎學(xué)金并沒有局限于美國本土的學(xué)生申請,而是針對大部分申請者,所以你要是覺得自己有著過人的背景,不妨嘗試申請。
Need-Blind
Under need-blind admissions, the school decides whether to make an offer of admission to a student without considering the student's financial situation. Most schools use a need-blind admissions process. A few schools will use financial need to decide whether to include marginal students in the wait list.
Need-Blind不是獎學(xué)金,而是美國大學(xué)的錄取政策。對于很多資金實力雄厚的私立大學(xué),他們在錄取學(xué)生的時候,不考慮學(xué)生是否需要學(xué)校提供資助,也就是說你申請獎學(xué)金與否對你的申請沒有任何影響。一旦他們認為你符合錄取標準,他們會根據(jù)學(xué)生的家庭情況做出判斷:該學(xué)生家庭能夠承擔(dān)多少費用,其余全部由學(xué)校設(shè)法提供。美國的很多私立名牌學(xué)校都執(zhí)行需求無關(guān)的政策,例如哈佛大學(xué)、普林斯頓大學(xué)、耶魯大學(xué)等。
研究生獎學(xué)金的申請
Fellowship:
Fellowship是一種對在進行研究工作的人員給予的較高額獎學(xué)金,是給研究生的經(jīng)濟資助中競爭最為激烈的獎學(xué)金。如果獲得了Fellowship,即除了免學(xué)雜費、住宿費、保險費、書本費以外,還給獲獎學(xué)生一定金額作為其個人消費費用。同時不必服務(wù),也不用納稅,這種獎學(xué)金是完全意義上的“全獎”。
Graduate Assistantship
Teaching Assistantship (TA):A form of financial aid awarded to graduate students to help support their education. Teaching assistantships usually provide the graduate student with a waiver of all or part of tuition, plus a small stipend for living expenses. As the name implies, a TA is required to perform teaching-related duties.
Research Assistantship (RA): A form of financial aid awarded to graduate students to help support their education. Research assistantships usually provide the graduate student with a waiver of all or part of tuition, plus a small stipend for living expenses. As the name implies, an RA is required to perform research duties. Sometimes these duties are strongly tied to the student's eventual thesis topic.
這種屬于服務(wù)性獎學(xué)金,獲得此類資助者每周擔(dān)任12-20小時的輔助教學(xué)或研究工作。這種經(jīng)濟資助只提供給碩士或者博士申請者。絕大多數(shù)的美國高校研究生院都設(shè)置這種資助,然而并非所有的此類資助都能覆蓋一年中的全部費用,但多數(shù)都在全部金額的2/3以上。不過很多學(xué)校提供這種獎學(xué)金的同時,還會給學(xué)生免學(xué)雜費,也就相當(dāng)于申請到“全獎”。在這里有一點要說明:TA/RA所得是要納稅的。
Tuition Waiver
實際上Tuition Waiver并不屬于獎學(xué)金的范疇,而是屬于經(jīng)濟資助,這是中國學(xué)生,尤其是非理工類申請人拿的最多的一類資助類型。它也是非服務(wù)性資助中發(fā)放最多的,最容易申請的一種。這里順便說一句:如果你可以獲得學(xué)費全部減免就是大學(xué)通常所說的“半獎”,如果再拿到RA/TA就屬于“全獎”了。
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